Impactos sociais e ambientais produzidos pelo ciclo das fazendas no percurso do Rio Taquari/Rio Grande do Sul (1770-1850): uma abordagem arqueológica
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Data
2021-06
Autores
Orientador
Machado, Neli Teresinha Galarce
Banca
Symanski, Luís Cláudio Pereira
Fehr, Lucas
Périco, Eduardo
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Uma abordagem teórico-metodológica transversal e inovadora dá suporte à tese apresentada que investiga os impactos sociais e ambientais gerados pelas fazendas estabelecidas no percurso do Rio Taquari no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As ruínas das fazendas investigadas encontram-se, contemporaneamente a este estudo, circunscritas aos territórios dos municípios Sul-rio-grandenses de Bom Retiro do Sul e Fazenda Vilanova. Cronologicamente o estudo abrange os anos finais do século XVIII alcançando meados do século XIX. O recorte temporal, decorre das escolhas teóricas e metodológicas. Ao caracterizar as fazendas e inferir as agências humanas e não humanas na configuração dos seus espaços ao longo tempo optou- se pela abordagem arqueológica às ruínas e seus entornos. As reflexões acerca da sintaxe dos elementos no espaço, pelo viés das múltiplas entidades que nele se entrelaçam, são tecidas a partir das prerrogativas teóricas da História Ambiental e da Arqueologia Histórica. Estando o programa de pós-graduação, em cujo âmbito a pesquisa foi concebida inserido na Área de Ciências Ambientais, ainda que a redação do presente trabalho conclusivo chegue a termo pela lavra de um historiador iniciado em Arqueologia Histórica, a perspectiva é interdisciplinar. As dinâmicas das relações dos homens no e com o meio mediada pelos objetos fazem emergir um sem número de documentos e testemunhos. Desse prisma a Cultura Material evidenciada nas escavações e prospecções arqueológicas soma-se aos documentos seriados dos arquivos ampliando o entendimento das alterações significativas na fisionomia das paisagens que se traduzem em local, território e lugar, categorias conceituais que permitem verticalizar as análises. A partir do estudo empreendido ficou evidente que as fazendas do percurso do Rio Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul, foram unidades extrativistas. A supressão das densas matas de pinheiro alterou substancialmente a paisagem florestal. A utilização da mão de obra escravizada conecta a região com o modus operandi da exploração ambiental, social e econômica de outras regiões do Brasil no final do período colonial e ao longo do século XIX. Tendo em conta a concepção das fazendas trabalhadas empreende-se esforços no sentido de concebê-las para além de unidades produtivas demandantes de recursos naturais. Ao reconhecer as florestas, os rios e os demais elementos do espaço como ativos na relação com os grupos humanos, contempla-se a indissociabilidade dos aspectos sociais e ambientais como forma de melhor entender os contextos.
A transversal and innovative theoretical-methodological approach supports the thesis presented, which investigates the social and environmental impacts generated by the farms established along Taquari River in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The ruins of the investigated farms are found contemporaneously to this study, limited to the territories of the municipalities of Bom Retiro do Sul and Fazenda Vilanova. Chronologically the study covers the final years of the 18th century reaching the middle of the 19th century. The time frame results from theoretical and methodological choices. By characterizing the farms and inferring human and non-human agencies in the configuration of their spaces over time, an archaeological approach of the ruins and their surroundings was chosen. Reflections on the syntax of elements in space, through the multiple entities that intertwine in it, are made from the theoretical prerogatives of Environmental History and Historical Archaeology. Since the graduate program, in whose scope the research was conceived, is inserted in the Environmental Sciences Area, even though the writing of the present conclusive work comes to an end through the work of a historian initiated in Historical Archaeology, the perspective is interdisciplinary. The dynamics of men's relationships in and with the environment mediated by objects bring out countless documents and testimonies. From this perspective, the Material Culture evidenced in the excavations and archaeological surveys is added to the many documents of the archives, expanding the understanding of the significant changes in the physiognomy of the landscapes that translate into place, territory and place, conceptual categories that allow for a vertical analysis. From the study undertaken, it became evident that the farms along the Taquari River, Rio Grande do Sul, were extractive units. The removal of dense pine forests substantially altered the forest landscape. The use of enslaved labor connects the region with the modus operandi of environmental, social and economic exploitation of other regions of Brazil at the end of the colonial period and throughout the 19th century. Taking into account the farms worked on, efforts are made to design them beyond productive units of natural resources. By recognizing forests, rivers and other elements of space as active in the relationship with human groups, the inseparability of social and environmental aspects is considered as a way of better understanding the contexts.
A transversal and innovative theoretical-methodological approach supports the thesis presented, which investigates the social and environmental impacts generated by the farms established along Taquari River in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The ruins of the investigated farms are found contemporaneously to this study, limited to the territories of the municipalities of Bom Retiro do Sul and Fazenda Vilanova. Chronologically the study covers the final years of the 18th century reaching the middle of the 19th century. The time frame results from theoretical and methodological choices. By characterizing the farms and inferring human and non-human agencies in the configuration of their spaces over time, an archaeological approach of the ruins and their surroundings was chosen. Reflections on the syntax of elements in space, through the multiple entities that intertwine in it, are made from the theoretical prerogatives of Environmental History and Historical Archaeology. Since the graduate program, in whose scope the research was conceived, is inserted in the Environmental Sciences Area, even though the writing of the present conclusive work comes to an end through the work of a historian initiated in Historical Archaeology, the perspective is interdisciplinary. The dynamics of men's relationships in and with the environment mediated by objects bring out countless documents and testimonies. From this perspective, the Material Culture evidenced in the excavations and archaeological surveys is added to the many documents of the archives, expanding the understanding of the significant changes in the physiognomy of the landscapes that translate into place, territory and place, conceptual categories that allow for a vertical analysis. From the study undertaken, it became evident that the farms along the Taquari River, Rio Grande do Sul, were extractive units. The removal of dense pine forests substantially altered the forest landscape. The use of enslaved labor connects the region with the modus operandi of environmental, social and economic exploitation of other regions of Brazil at the end of the colonial period and throughout the 19th century. Taking into account the farms worked on, efforts are made to design them beyond productive units of natural resources. By recognizing forests, rivers and other elements of space as active in the relationship with human groups, the inseparability of social and environmental aspects is considered as a way of better understanding the contexts.
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Palavras-chave
Fazendas; Arqueologia Histórica; História Ambiental; Ciências Ambientais; Farms; Historical Archaeology; Environmental History; Environmental Sciences
Citação
LOPES, Sérgio Nunes. Impactos sociais e ambientais produzidos pelo ciclo das fazendas no percurso do Rio Taquari/Rio Grande do Sul (1770-1850): uma abordagem arqueológica. 2021. Tese (Doutorado) – Curso de Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, 30 jun. 2021. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/10737/3136.