História ambiental envolvendo indígenas Guarani e Jesuítas nas reduções da Província do Tape, século XVII
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2019-04-03
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Laroque, Luís Fernando da Silva
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Os Guarani pertencem ao tronco linguístico Tupi, viviam em territórios do atual Estado do Rio Grande do Sul desde o início da Era Cristã. No século XVII os referidos territórios passaram a ser ocupados pelo elemento europeu, inicialmente representado por padres da Companhia de Jesus, configurando a Província do Tape, denominação político-espanhola. O estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar, com base na História Ambiental, que a Província do Tape foi palco de negociações territoriais entre os coletivos Guarani e a Companhia de Jesus, ambos fundamentados em lógicas culturais distintas. Os indígenas fundamentados na lógica do ñande reko (modo de ser), ao qual estão integrados espíritos, plantas, animais e divindades, já os jesuítas fundamentados em uma relação ocidental com o território. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se na abordagem da Etno-história e da História Ambiental, com o cunho qualitativo e descritivo. Os procedimentos metodológicos consistem em revisões bibliográficas sobre a temática e pesquisa documental das Cartas Ânuas escritas pelos padres jesuítas no século XVII, material compilado por Jaime Cortesão (1969), Hélio Vianna (1970) e Ernesto Maeder (1984). Como resultados, tendo por base aportes teóricos da História
Ambiental, territorialidade e cultura, foi possível constatar que os Guarani se fundamentaram na lógica cultural do ñande reko para viver suas historicidades e sentidos de territorialidade, mas a partir dos contatos com o projeto político-colonial e religioso da Companhia de Jesus, ressignificações culturais foram postas em prática por ambos os grupos. Os Guarani, com base no seu modo de ser, buscavam aspectos econômicos, cosmológicos e na memória parental; os jesuítas, por sua vez, imbuídos de conhecimentos ocidentais, possuíam uma visão “materialista”, observando no território potencialidades de autossuficiência e produção
econômica para sustentar o projeto missionário. Para compreensão das diferentes visões, foi possível descrever os ambientes onde as reduções jesuíticas foram erguidas, corroborando com a hipótese de que a Companhia de Jesus buscava no território uma maior potencialização dos recursos naturais, visando à autossuficiência e produção de excedentes. Demonstrou-se que a introdução dos espaços missionais causaram impactos ambientais sentidos por Guaranis e missionários, a exemplo de ataques de ratões-do-banhado (Myocastor coypus) e de formigas (Formicidae), as roças das reduções e ainda os possíveis impactos causados a partir da introdução do gado vacum (Bos taurus) em territórios da Província do Tape. Com base na análise dos eventos narrados por jesuítas nas Cartas Ânuas, a investigação constatou que a
Companhia de Jesus necessitou “negociar” a instalação do seu projeto político-econômico e religioso com as parcialidades Guarani e seus coletivos, tais como animais, plantas e espíritos. Isto ocasionou uma disputa por território no campo dos humanos e da natureza, tendo em vista que espécies vegetais e animais introduzidas pelos jesuítas também precisaram “barganhar” espaço com as espécies endêmicas. Constatou-se assim, que a Província do Tape durante o século XVII foi palco de diversas historicidades ambientais e cosmológicas,
permeadas por transformações, mas também por apropriações entre os envolvidos.
The Guarani are related to the Tupi linguistic stock, they used to live in territories of the present State of Rio Grande do Sul from the beginning of the Christian Era. In the seventeenth century the territories were occupied by the European element. Initially represented by priests of the Society of Jesus, forming Tape Province, denomination politic-Spanish. The study aims to show, based on Environmental History that Tape Province has become one of the territorial space between the Guarani people and the Society of Jesus, both foundated in distinct cultural logics, indigenous based on the logic of ñande reko (way of being) wich is integrated with spirits, plants, animals and deities, in the other hand the Jesuits already based on a Western relationship with the territory. The methodology based on the Ethno-history and Environmental History approach, with a qualitative and descriptive character. The methodological procedures consist of bibliographical reviews on the thematic and documental research of the Annual Letters written by the Jesuit priests in the seventeenth century, material that was compile by Jaime Cortesão (1969), Hélio Vianna (1970) and Ernesto Maeder (1984). As results, based on theoretical contributions of Environmental History, territoriality and culture, it was possible to verify that the Guarani were based on the cultural logic of ñande reko to live their historicities and territoriality, but from the contacts with the political-colonial project and religious of the Society of Jesus, cultural re-significances were put into practice by both groups. The Guarani based on their way of being searched for economic, cosmological and parental memory; the Jesuits, in turn, imbued with Western knowledge possessed a "materialistic" vision, observing in the territory potential of self-sufficiency and economic production to sustain the missionary project. In order to understand the different visions, it was possible to describe the environments where Jesuit reductions were built, corroborating the hypothesis that the Society of Jesus sought in the territory a greater potential of natural resources, aiming the self-sufficiency and production of surpluses. It was shown that the introduction of the missionary spaces caused environmental impacts felt by Guarani and missionaries, such as the attacks of ratões-do-banhado (Myocastor coypus) and ants (Formicidae), as well as the possible impacts caused by of the introduction of cattle (Bos taurus) into territories of the Tape Province. Based on the analysis of Jesuit events in the Annual Letters, the investigation found that the Society of Jesus needed to "negotiate" the installation of its political-economic and religious project with the Guarani biases and their collectives, such as animals, plants and spirits. This led to a territorial dispute in the field of 9 humans and nature, given that plant and animal species introduced by the Jesuits also needed to "bargain" space with endemic species. It was thus pointed out that the Tape Province during the seventeenth century was the scenario of various environmental and cosmological historicities, permeated by transformations, but also by appropriations among those involved.
The Guarani are related to the Tupi linguistic stock, they used to live in territories of the present State of Rio Grande do Sul from the beginning of the Christian Era. In the seventeenth century the territories were occupied by the European element. Initially represented by priests of the Society of Jesus, forming Tape Province, denomination politic-Spanish. The study aims to show, based on Environmental History that Tape Province has become one of the territorial space between the Guarani people and the Society of Jesus, both foundated in distinct cultural logics, indigenous based on the logic of ñande reko (way of being) wich is integrated with spirits, plants, animals and deities, in the other hand the Jesuits already based on a Western relationship with the territory. The methodology based on the Ethno-history and Environmental History approach, with a qualitative and descriptive character. The methodological procedures consist of bibliographical reviews on the thematic and documental research of the Annual Letters written by the Jesuit priests in the seventeenth century, material that was compile by Jaime Cortesão (1969), Hélio Vianna (1970) and Ernesto Maeder (1984). As results, based on theoretical contributions of Environmental History, territoriality and culture, it was possible to verify that the Guarani were based on the cultural logic of ñande reko to live their historicities and territoriality, but from the contacts with the political-colonial project and religious of the Society of Jesus, cultural re-significances were put into practice by both groups. The Guarani based on their way of being searched for economic, cosmological and parental memory; the Jesuits, in turn, imbued with Western knowledge possessed a "materialistic" vision, observing in the territory potential of self-sufficiency and economic production to sustain the missionary project. In order to understand the different visions, it was possible to describe the environments where Jesuit reductions were built, corroborating the hypothesis that the Society of Jesus sought in the territory a greater potential of natural resources, aiming the self-sufficiency and production of surpluses. It was shown that the introduction of the missionary spaces caused environmental impacts felt by Guarani and missionaries, such as the attacks of ratões-do-banhado (Myocastor coypus) and ants (Formicidae), as well as the possible impacts caused by of the introduction of cattle (Bos taurus) into territories of the Tape Province. Based on the analysis of Jesuit events in the Annual Letters, the investigation found that the Society of Jesus needed to "negotiate" the installation of its political-economic and religious project with the Guarani biases and their collectives, such as animals, plants and spirits. This led to a territorial dispute in the field of 9 humans and nature, given that plant and animal species introduced by the Jesuits also needed to "bargain" space with endemic species. It was thus pointed out that the Tape Province during the seventeenth century was the scenario of various environmental and cosmological historicities, permeated by transformations, but also by appropriations among those involved.
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Palavras-chave
Guarani; Jesuítas; Território; Natureza; Cultura; Jesuits; Territory; Nature; Culture
Citação
CRISTO, Tuani De. História ambiental envolvendo indígenas Guarani e Jesuítas nas reduções da Província do Tape, século XVII. 2018. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Curso de Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, 29 nov. 2018. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/10737/2473.