Avaliação da eficiência da eletrodiálise no tratamento de efluentes provenientes do setor de gemas do Rio Grande do Sul
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Data
2017-07
Orientador
Stülp, Simone
Banca
Stülp, Simone
Ethur, Eduardo Miranda
Lago, Dalva Cristina Baptista Do
Bockel, Wolmir José
Konrad, Odorico
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O Brasil destaca-se em termos mundiais pela variedade de gemas em seu solo. O estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) apresenta um dos maiores centros de produção gemológica do país. Gemas como a ágata podem ser naturais ou produzidas, na maioria das vezes, por processos de tingimento com corantes. Essas operações vêm avançando nos últimos anos, gerando consideráveis volumes de efluentes líquidos contendo íons de vários metais e alta carga orgânica, manifestando por isso, uma preocupação ambiental, já que esses corantes são potenciais contaminantes. Dessa forma, surge a necessidade do tratamento desses efluentes com o propósito de minimizar a concentração dos poluentes em questão. Os processos convencionais de tratamento dos efluentes, além de utilizarem grandes quantidades de produtos químicos, podem originar um grande volume de resíduos tóxicos. A eletrodiálise (ED) é uma técnica de separação por membranas, na qual espécies iônicas em solução são transportadas através de membranas seletivas por ação de um campo elétrico. A técnica possibilita o emprego no tratamento de efluentes pela remoção de eletrólitos, demonstra uma economia de energia além de vislumbrar a possibilidade de recuperação dos metais e reúso da água. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente projeto foi realizar uma avaliação da técnica de ED no tratamento de efluentes do sistema de tingimento de ágatas do RS como uma tecnologia limpa. Dessa forma, foram desenvolvidas etapas com início na determinação da corrente limite e estudo do transporte de íons do processo a partir de curvas corrente-potencial e ensaios cronopotenciométricos.Os experimentos foram realizados em uma célula com 3 compartimentos separados por membranas íon seletivas e com o auxílio de quatro eletrodos, onde dois eram de Ag / AgCl em um capilar de Luggin. Após, foi realizada a análise da eficiência de extração dos íons em função do tempo de tratamento em células estáticas em sistemas com três e cinco compartimentos e posteriormente em fluxo em células com cinco compartimentos. Todos os experimentos desse estudo utilizaram um ânodo 70TiO2/30RuO2 DSA® e um cátodo de titânio. A seguir, avaliou-se a toxicidade do efluente estudado antes e após a aplicação da técnica de ED em função de dois níveis tróficos, Artemia salina e Lactuca sativa. Por fim, investigou-se a possibilidade de recuperação dos metais e reúso do efluente após o processo de tratamento a partir do método de análise de colorações de gemas em função de imagens digitalizadas. Os resultados alcançados apontaram a corrente limite do processo e a eficiência da técnica na remoção dos íons presentes no efluente. Os ensaios de toxicidade apontaram uma redução na porcentagem de letalidade dos organismos-teste após a plicação da técnica de ED. Os íons recuperados foram inseridos em um novo processo de tingimento e demonstraram a possibilidade do reúso da água e reutilização dos insumos, fator cada vez mais importante na minimização do consumo e dos custos de produção, favorecendo um cenário ambientalmente correto e sustentável.
Brazil stands out globally for the variety of gems on its soil. Rio Grande do Sul (RS) has one of the largest gemological production centers in the country. Gems like agate can be natural or produced, in most cases, for processes of dyeing. These operations have been advancing in recent years, generating large quantities of potentially harmful wastewater to the environment, containing ions of several metals and high organic load, showing therefore an environmental concern, as these dyes are potential contaminants. Thus, the treatment of these effluents is necessary in order to minimize the concentration of these contaminant Conventional methods of effluent treatment use large amounts of chemical products and can cause potentially harmful wastewater to the environment. The electrodialysis (ED) is a membrane separation technique, in which ionic species in solution are transported through selective membranes by the action of an electric field. The technique allows the use in the treatment of wastewater by removing electrolytes, demonstrates economy of energy and shows the possibility of recovery of metals and reuse of water. The aim of the present study was to investigate the electrodialysis technique efficiency in the removal of contaminant ions present in wastewater generated by the agate dyeing industry from RS as a clean technology. Thus, steps were first developed starting in determining the current limit and study the process of íon transport from current-potential curves and cronopotentiometric trials. The experiments were performed statically in acrylic cell with thre compartments separated by ion selective membranes and fitted with four electrodes, which two were Ag / AgCl electrodes immersed in a Luggin capillary. Then, an analysis of the íons extraction efficiency was performed as a function of treatment time in static cells in systems with three and five compartment and then flow mode cell with five compartments separated by íon selective membranes. All experiments in this study used a 70TiO2/30RuO2 DSA® anode and a titanium plate as cathode. After application of the electrodialysis treatment, the toxicity of the effluent was evaluated and the results were comparing before and after the application of the ED technique per two different trophic levels, Artemia salina and Lactuca sativa. Finally, it was investigated the possibility of recovery of metals and reuse of wastewater after the treatment process from the analysis method of gems colors in a function of scanned images The results indicated the process current limit and technique efficiency in the removal of contaminant ions present in wastewater. The toxicity tests showed a tendency to decrease the percentage of mortality of organisms after application of the electrodialysis technique. Ions recovered were inserted in a new dyeing process and demonstrated the possibility of reuse water and the inputs, important factor in minimizing consumption and production costs, favoring an environmentally right and sustentable scenario.
Brazil stands out globally for the variety of gems on its soil. Rio Grande do Sul (RS) has one of the largest gemological production centers in the country. Gems like agate can be natural or produced, in most cases, for processes of dyeing. These operations have been advancing in recent years, generating large quantities of potentially harmful wastewater to the environment, containing ions of several metals and high organic load, showing therefore an environmental concern, as these dyes are potential contaminants. Thus, the treatment of these effluents is necessary in order to minimize the concentration of these contaminant Conventional methods of effluent treatment use large amounts of chemical products and can cause potentially harmful wastewater to the environment. The electrodialysis (ED) is a membrane separation technique, in which ionic species in solution are transported through selective membranes by the action of an electric field. The technique allows the use in the treatment of wastewater by removing electrolytes, demonstrates economy of energy and shows the possibility of recovery of metals and reuse of water. The aim of the present study was to investigate the electrodialysis technique efficiency in the removal of contaminant ions present in wastewater generated by the agate dyeing industry from RS as a clean technology. Thus, steps were first developed starting in determining the current limit and study the process of íon transport from current-potential curves and cronopotentiometric trials. The experiments were performed statically in acrylic cell with thre compartments separated by ion selective membranes and fitted with four electrodes, which two were Ag / AgCl electrodes immersed in a Luggin capillary. Then, an analysis of the íons extraction efficiency was performed as a function of treatment time in static cells in systems with three and five compartment and then flow mode cell with five compartments separated by íon selective membranes. All experiments in this study used a 70TiO2/30RuO2 DSA® anode and a titanium plate as cathode. After application of the electrodialysis treatment, the toxicity of the effluent was evaluated and the results were comparing before and after the application of the ED technique per two different trophic levels, Artemia salina and Lactuca sativa. Finally, it was investigated the possibility of recovery of metals and reuse of wastewater after the treatment process from the analysis method of gems colors in a function of scanned images The results indicated the process current limit and technique efficiency in the removal of contaminant ions present in wastewater. The toxicity tests showed a tendency to decrease the percentage of mortality of organisms after application of the electrodialysis technique. Ions recovered were inserted in a new dyeing process and demonstrated the possibility of reuse water and the inputs, important factor in minimizing consumption and production costs, favoring an environmentally right and sustentable scenario.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Eletrodiálise; Tratamento de efluentes; Toxicidade; Reúso; Tecnologias limpas
Citação
MAGALHÃES, Maria De Lourdes Martins. Avaliação da eficiência da eletrodiálise no tratamento de efluentes provenientes do setor de gemas do Rio Grande do Sul. 2016. Tese (Doutorado) – Curso de Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, 16 nov. 2016. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/10737/1592.