Avaliação do uso agronômico do digestato como biofertilizante oriundo da digestão anaeróbia de resíduos agroindustriais
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2021-11
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Kronbauer, Marcelo Luis
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O uso do digestato como um fertilizante orgânico, apresenta-se como uma alternativa viável para contribuir com o tratamento e destinação de resíduos. Ao operar uma usina de biogás o foco não deve ser somente na produção de energia, mas também no destino do digestato oriundo do processo. O digestato possui diversos nutrientes com valor agronômico agregado para a agronomia. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar o potencial para o uso agronômico do digestato oriundo da digestão anaeróbia de resíduos agroindustriais, na cultura de inverno de trigo. A avaliação a ser realizada consiste na caracterização do digestato, em relação aos nutrientes, além de contaminantes inorgânicos e microbiológicos. A cultura a ser avaliada será a de trigo, uma das principais alternativas para plantio de inverno na região Sul do Brasil. O digestato utilizado é oriundo de uma planta de biogás que realiza o tratamento de resíduos orgânicos, agroindustriais e alimentícios. Sua composição é basicamente de lodos de estação de tratamento de efluentes de frigoríficos e de indústrias alimentícias em geral, incluindo restos de processo, resíduos de refeitórios, entre outros. O experimento foi iniciado no dia 11 de maio de 2021, em uma casa de vegetação, com temperatura controlada. O digestato foi caracterizado e serviu como base para definição das 6 taxas de aplicações diferentes B, C1, C2, C3, C4 e C5 (0, 10, 15, 20, 30 e 45 mL), equivalentes a 0, 30, 45, 60, 90 e 135 m3/ha e concentração de nutrientes de 50,40:6,10:22,80, 75,60:9,15:34,20, 100,80:12,20:45,60, 151,20:18,30:68,40, 226,80:27,45:102,60 kg/ha (NPK). As aplicações do digestato foram 3 dias antes da semeadura, 25 e 45 dias após a semeadura. A avaliação das plantas-testes seguiu os seguintes critérios: Percentual de Germinação (PG), estatura das plantas (EP), massa seca (MAS) e massa fresca (MFA) da parte aérea, Número de Espiguetas (NE) e análise visual das raízes. Foi realizado também a avaliação do substrato (solo pós- colheita do experimento), em relação a suas características físico-químicas. A partir dos resultados, os tratamentos C2, C3 e C4 não apresentaram diferenças significativas nos critérios de EP, MSA, MFA, enquanto o C5 apresentou 25% de perda no PG, indicando uma característica moderadamente fitotóxica. No NE, os menores rendimento foram em C1 e C5, atribuindo ao C1 falta de condições de fertilidade suficiente e o C5, novamente, a questão da fitotoxicidade. Nas raízes notou-se um efeito positivo da aplicação do digestato, com densidade visual crescente conforme os tratamentos. Em relação ao digestato, foi possível verificar um potencial uso dele como um biofertilizante, já que todos os parâmetros estavam em conformidade com a legislação vigente. O solo pós experimento mostrou-se favorável a aplicação do digestato, com teores elevados de nutrientes, matéria orgânica e sem nenhuma contaminação por metais ou toxidez pelo Alumínio. Portanto, para plantas de biogás, é um aspecto interessante pensando na demanda de balanço de entrada e saída de material, viabilizando assim a operação e favorecendo o solo para cultivo agrícola.
The use of digestate as an organic fertilizer is a viable alternative to contribute to the treatment and disposal of waste. When operating a biogas plant, the focus should not only be on energy production, but also on the destination of the digestate from the process. Digestate has several nutrients with added agronomic value for agronomy. This work aims to evaluate the potential for the agronomic use of digestate from the anaerobic digestion of agro-industrial residues in the winter wheat crop. The evaluation to be carried out consists of the characterization of the digestate, in relation to nutrients, in addition to inorganic and microbiological contaminants. The crop to be evaluated will be wheat, one of the main alternatives for winter planting in southern Brazil. The digestate used comes from a biogas plant that handles organic, agro-industrial and food waste. Its composition is basically made up of sludge from the effluent treatment plant of slaughterhouses and food industries in general, including process residues, cafeteria residues, among others. The experiment started on May 11, 2021, in a greenhouse, with controlled temperature. The digestate was characterized and served as the basis for defining the 6 different application rates B, C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 (0, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 45 mL), equivalent to 0, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 135 m3/ha and nutrient concentration of 50.40:6.10:22.80, 75.60:9,15:34.20, 100.80:12,20:45.60, 151 20:18.30:68.40, 226.80:27.45:102.60 kg/ha (NPK). The digestate applications were 3 days before sowing, 25 and 45 days after sowing. The evaluation of the test plants followed the following criteria: Germination Percentage (PG), plant height (EP), dry mass (MAS) and fresh mass (MFA) of shoot, Number of Spikelets (NE) and visual analysis of roots. The evaluation of the substrate (post-harvest soil of the experiment) was also carried out, in relation to its physicochemical characteristics. From the results, treatments C2, C3 and C4 did not show significant differences in the criteria of EP, MSA, MFA, while C5 showed 25% loss in PG, indicating a moderately phytotoxic characteristic. In NE, the lowest yields were in C1 and C5, attributing to C1 the lack of sufficient fertility conditions and C5, again, to the issue of phytotoxicity. In the roots, a positive effect of the application of the digestate was noticed, with increasing visual density according to the treatments. Regarding the digestate, it was possible to verify its potential use as a biofertilizer, as all parameters were in accordance with current legislation. The soil after the experiment proved to be favorable for the application of digestate, with high levels of nutrients, organic matter and no contamination by metals or toxicity by aluminum. Therefore, for biogas plants, it is an interesting aspect considering the demand for a balance of input and output of material, thus enabling the operation and favoring the soil for agricultural cultivation.
The use of digestate as an organic fertilizer is a viable alternative to contribute to the treatment and disposal of waste. When operating a biogas plant, the focus should not only be on energy production, but also on the destination of the digestate from the process. Digestate has several nutrients with added agronomic value for agronomy. This work aims to evaluate the potential for the agronomic use of digestate from the anaerobic digestion of agro-industrial residues in the winter wheat crop. The evaluation to be carried out consists of the characterization of the digestate, in relation to nutrients, in addition to inorganic and microbiological contaminants. The crop to be evaluated will be wheat, one of the main alternatives for winter planting in southern Brazil. The digestate used comes from a biogas plant that handles organic, agro-industrial and food waste. Its composition is basically made up of sludge from the effluent treatment plant of slaughterhouses and food industries in general, including process residues, cafeteria residues, among others. The experiment started on May 11, 2021, in a greenhouse, with controlled temperature. The digestate was characterized and served as the basis for defining the 6 different application rates B, C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 (0, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 45 mL), equivalent to 0, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 135 m3/ha and nutrient concentration of 50.40:6.10:22.80, 75.60:9,15:34.20, 100.80:12,20:45.60, 151 20:18.30:68.40, 226.80:27.45:102.60 kg/ha (NPK). The digestate applications were 3 days before sowing, 25 and 45 days after sowing. The evaluation of the test plants followed the following criteria: Germination Percentage (PG), plant height (EP), dry mass (MAS) and fresh mass (MFA) of shoot, Number of Spikelets (NE) and visual analysis of roots. The evaluation of the substrate (post-harvest soil of the experiment) was also carried out, in relation to its physicochemical characteristics. From the results, treatments C2, C3 and C4 did not show significant differences in the criteria of EP, MSA, MFA, while C5 showed 25% loss in PG, indicating a moderately phytotoxic characteristic. In NE, the lowest yields were in C1 and C5, attributing to C1 the lack of sufficient fertility conditions and C5, again, to the issue of phytotoxicity. In the roots, a positive effect of the application of the digestate was noticed, with increasing visual density according to the treatments. Regarding the digestate, it was possible to verify its potential use as a biofertilizer, as all parameters were in accordance with current legislation. The soil after the experiment proved to be favorable for the application of digestate, with high levels of nutrients, organic matter and no contamination by metals or toxicity by aluminum. Therefore, for biogas plants, it is an interesting aspect considering the demand for a balance of input and output of material, thus enabling the operation and favoring the soil for agricultural cultivation.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Digestato; Biofertilzante; Digestão anaeróbia; Trigo; Digestate; Anaerobic digestion; Biofertilizer; Wheat
Citação
CECHIN, Marciana. Avaliação do uso agronômico do digestato como biofertilizante oriundo da digestão anaeróbia de resíduos agroindustriais. 2021. Monografia (Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental) – Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, 07 dez. 2021. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/10737/3369.