Arqueologia Jê no Alto Forqueta/RS e Guaporé/RS: um novo cenário para um antigo contexto
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Data
2017-07
Autores
Orientador
Machado, Neli Teresinha Galarce
Banca
Machado, Neli Teresinha Galarce
Laroque, Luis Fernando da Silva
Rogge, Jairo Henrique
Corteletti, Rafael
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As bacias hidrográficas dos rios Forqueta/RS e Guaporé/RS, localizadas na porção centro/norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, têm se configurado regiões com um intenso potencial arqueológico de investigação. Especialmente nas áreas de altitudes superiores a 600m, junto as nascentes, pesquisas anteriores indicaram a presença de sítios de estruturas subterrâneas e superficiais associados as populações Jê Meridionais pré-coloniais. Apesar do registro destes, ainda se careciam informações detalhadas dos assentamentos. O objetivo desta pesquisa abarcou o reconhecimento do sistema de assentamento Jê Meridional entre as bacias hidrográficas dos rios Forqueta e Guaporé, através de um levantamento de assentamentos em diferentes compartimentos fisiográficos, dentro de uma área piloto de 440km², buscando revelar aspectos da distribuição espacial, funcionalidade e cronologia. Os resultados registraram a identificação de 70 sítios arqueológicos, sendo 38 áreas inéditas. Do total de assentamentos, relacionam-se dois sítios a um contexto caçador-coletor anterior a presença de grupos Jê, sendo o sítio RS-T-128 datado do século IV AC. O sistema Jê Meridional é composto por sítios de estruturas subterrâneas, estruturas subterrâneas e montículo, localizados em altitudes entre 600 e 800m junto aos divisores de bacia; e sítios superficiais líticos, e líticos e cerâmicos, dominando as porções de menor altitude no fundo dos vales. As escavações revelaram áreas de atividade no entorno das estruturas subterrâneas, com a distribuição de estruturas de combustão de diferentes características. Os resultados das intervenções no interior das depressões não indicam o uso habitacional em todos as depressões dos assentamentos, com variações dentro de um mesmo sítio. Nos sítios superficiais observou-se uma dispersão de evidências por extensas superfícies, marcadas pela associação a grandes artefatos, tradicionalmente relacionados à grupos caçadores-coletores. Estes dois espaços configuram-se como áreas distintas dentro da paisagem, ligadas a funcionalidades diferentes. Uma área de maior convívio social, marcada por conjuntos densos de estruturas subterrâneas, por vezes abandonados e reocupados após centenas de anos, circundados por conjuntos menores ou estruturas isoladas; e outra retratada pelos sítios superficiais, como áreas de exploração e manejo de recursos agroflorestais, distantes dos centros de concentração dos lugares habitacionais, resultados do intenso processo de ocupação dos sítios de habitação, por mais de 500 anos. As datações, assim como a cerâmica encontrada, demonstram uma associação aos sítios localizados na margem esquerda do rio das Antas, que alcançam as bacias hidrográficas dos rios Caí, Sinos, Pardinho e Jacuí, e que permitiram a interpretação do processo de ocupação Jê a partir da proposta de formação territorial (ZEDEÑO, 1997; 2010).
The hydrographic basins of the Forqueta and Guaporé rivers, that are located in the central/northern portion of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, have been configured regions with an intense archaeological research potential. Especially in areas with altitudes above 600m, next to the springs, the previous research has indicated the presence of pit houses and surface sites associated with the pre-colonial Southern Jê groups. Despite the registration of these, it is still missing detailed information about these settlements. The objective of this research was the recognition of the Southern Jê settlement system between the Forqueta and Guaporé hydrographic basins, through a survey of settlements in different physiographic compartments, within a pilot area of 440km², seeking to reveal aspects of spatial distribution, functionality and chronology. The results registered the identification of 70 archaeological sites, of which 38 were unpublished areas. Of the total settlements, two sites are related to a hunter-gatherer context prior to the presence of Jê groups, being the RS-T-128 site dated from the fourth century BC. The Southern Jê system consists of sites of pit houses, pit houses and mounds, that are locate at altitudes between 600 and 800m next to the basin dividers; and superficial lithic sites, lithic and ceramic, dominating the portions of lower altitude in the bottom of the valleys. The excavations revealed activity areas around the pit houses, with the distribution of combustion structures with different characteristics. The results of the interventions inside the depressions do not indicate the habitat use in all the depressions of the settlements, with variations within the same site. In the surface sites there was a dispersion of evidences by extensive surfaces, marked by the association to large artifacts, traditionally related to the hunter-gatherer groups. These two spaces are configured as distinct areas within the landscape, linked to different features. An area of greater social interaction, marked by dense clusters of pit houses, sometimes abandoned and reoccupied after hundreds of years, surrounded by smaller clusters or isolated structures; and another one depicted by shallow sites, such as areas for exploration and management of agroforestry resources, far from the centers of concentration of housing, results of the intense process occupancy of living for more than 500 years. The dating process as well as the ceramic found, shows an association with the sites located on the left bank of the Antas river, which reach the basins of the Caí, Sinos, Pardinho and Jacuí rivers, and which allowed the interpretation of the Jê occupation process from the territorial formation proposal. (ZEDEÑO, 1997; 2010).
The hydrographic basins of the Forqueta and Guaporé rivers, that are located in the central/northern portion of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, have been configured regions with an intense archaeological research potential. Especially in areas with altitudes above 600m, next to the springs, the previous research has indicated the presence of pit houses and surface sites associated with the pre-colonial Southern Jê groups. Despite the registration of these, it is still missing detailed information about these settlements. The objective of this research was the recognition of the Southern Jê settlement system between the Forqueta and Guaporé hydrographic basins, through a survey of settlements in different physiographic compartments, within a pilot area of 440km², seeking to reveal aspects of spatial distribution, functionality and chronology. The results registered the identification of 70 archaeological sites, of which 38 were unpublished areas. Of the total settlements, two sites are related to a hunter-gatherer context prior to the presence of Jê groups, being the RS-T-128 site dated from the fourth century BC. The Southern Jê system consists of sites of pit houses, pit houses and mounds, that are locate at altitudes between 600 and 800m next to the basin dividers; and superficial lithic sites, lithic and ceramic, dominating the portions of lower altitude in the bottom of the valleys. The excavations revealed activity areas around the pit houses, with the distribution of combustion structures with different characteristics. The results of the interventions inside the depressions do not indicate the habitat use in all the depressions of the settlements, with variations within the same site. In the surface sites there was a dispersion of evidences by extensive surfaces, marked by the association to large artifacts, traditionally related to the hunter-gatherer groups. These two spaces are configured as distinct areas within the landscape, linked to different features. An area of greater social interaction, marked by dense clusters of pit houses, sometimes abandoned and reoccupied after hundreds of years, surrounded by smaller clusters or isolated structures; and another one depicted by shallow sites, such as areas for exploration and management of agroforestry resources, far from the centers of concentration of housing, results of the intense process occupancy of living for more than 500 years. The dating process as well as the ceramic found, shows an association with the sites located on the left bank of the Antas river, which reach the basins of the Caí, Sinos, Pardinho and Jacuí rivers, and which allowed the interpretation of the Jê occupation process from the territorial formation proposal. (ZEDEÑO, 1997; 2010).
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Rio Forqueta; Rio Guaporé; Jê Meridionais; Arqueologia; Sistema de assentamento; Paisagem; Território
Citação
WOLF, Sidnei. Arqueologia Jê no Alto Forqueta/RS e Guaporé/RS: um novo cenário para um antigo contexto. 2016. Tese (Doutorado) – Curso de Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, 20 dez. 2016. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/10737/1591.